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Mitigation of calcium sulphate fouling in a stainless-steel tube heat exchanger using titanium oxide coating: An experimental and numerical study with economic and environmental implications

Author:

Ammar Ahmed,Kaleemullah Shaikh,Salim Newaz Kazi,Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir,Bee Teng Chew,Rab Nawaz,Samr Ul Hasnain

Publication:

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Publisher:

Elsevier

Date:

March 2026

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