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E1K, a disease-modifying drug candidate for knee osteoarthritis, alleviates pain and regenerates cartilage simultaneously by inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated SMAD1/5/9 signaling in osteoarthritis models

Author:

Eun-Joung Moon,Ji Ae Kim,Yunsil Jang,Hyeon-Jeong Kim,Sang-Je Park,Cheolmin Lee,Nam Sook Kang,Hae-Jin Kim

Publication:

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

Publisher:

Elsevier

Date:

February 2026

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